Aerodynamics

Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

FAA Ref: FAA-S-ACS-6C Area I Task F (Performance and Limitations)

Scenario & Physics Summary

At high angles of attack, the downward-moving propeller blade produces more thrust than the upward-moving blade, yawing the airplane LEFT.

Interactive 3D Visual Plates & Scenario Media

Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor) Plate 1

Plate 1: Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor) Plate 2

Plate 2: Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor) Plate 3

Plate 3: Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor) Plate 4

Plate 4: Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

Plate 5: Propeller Asymmetric Blade Loading (P-Factor)

Aerodynamic & Operational Physics

In high pitch attitudes (climb), relative wind meets the prop disc at an angle.
Downward-moving blade (right side on standard clock-wise US/AU engines) has higher relative airspeed and higher Angle of Attack.
Right side produces greater thrust moment, creating left yaw. Requires RIGHT RUDDER input in climb.

FAA Exam Gotcha Alert

Exam Trap: P-Factor is greatest at HIGH angle of attack, HIGH power, and LOW airspeed (such as climb-out or slow flight).

Frequently Asked Questions & Exam Explanations

When is P-Factor most pronounced?

During high power, low airspeed, and high pitch angle of attack conditions like takeoff and climb.

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